Bank Health, Quarter by Quarter

Schedule RC · Geography

Where the Banks Are

Start with the map the title promises. Each state is shaded by the number of FDIC-insured banks headquartered there - a count of charters, not branches. The dark band is the farm belt: 349 banks call Texas home, and the upper Midwest still runs hundreds of small community banks apiece. The coasts run comparatively few, larger banks. Together these 4,253 charters hold the nation's deposits.

Shade encodes banks headquartered per state (five quantile classes). Alaska and Hawaii are inset by the Albers USA projection; US territories fall outside its frame and appear only in the table.

Most charters

01 Texas 349 banks
02 Illinois 327 banks
03 Iowa 226 banks
04 Minnesota 224 banks
05 Missouri 194 banks

Every state, in a table

State	Banks	Assets	Weighted ROA
Texas TX	349	$785B	0.96%
Illinois IL	327	$765B	1.20%
Iowa IA	226	$127B	1.01%
Minnesota MN	224	$115B	1.45%
Missouri MO	194	$301B	1.22%
Kansas KS	186	$95B	1.08%
Oklahoma OK	170	$211B	1.22%
Ohio OH	157	$5.6T	1.34%
Wisconsin WI	154	$175B	1.02%
Nebraska NE	139	$110B	1.15%
Georgia GA	124	$101B	1.58%
Kentucky KY	120	$84B	1.11%
New York NY	118	$2.2T	1.03%
California CA	117	$555B	0.99%
Pennsylvania PA	110	$338B	0.93%
Tennessee TN	109	$310B	1.06%
Louisiana LA	105	$82B	0.96%
Alabama AL	93	$229B	1.29%
Massachusetts MA	90	$608B	0.75%
Indiana IN	89	$219B	1.16%
Florida FL	84	$345B	0.94%
Arkansas AR	78	$182B	1.20%
Michigan MI	72	$72B	1.26%
Colorado CO	64	$86B	1.00%
North Dakota ND	60	$65B	1.01%
Mississippi MS	57	$129B	1.17%
Virginia VA	56	$1.0T	1.03%
South Dakota SD	56	$3.8T	1.05%
New Jersey NJ	50	$205B	0.62%
South Carolina SC	44	$64B	0.91%
Utah UT	42	$1.3T	2.07%
West Virginia WV	41	$51B	1.03%
North Carolina NC	38	$3.5T	1.06%
Montana MT	35	$79B	0.95%
Washington WA	30	$93B	0.78%
New Mexico NM	29	$16B	1.78%
Connecticut CT	28	$128B	0.84%
Maryland MD	27	$49B	0.67%
Wyoming WY	24	$11B	1.02%
Maine ME	22	$48B	0.82%
New Hampshire NH	17	$17B	0.64%
Delaware DE	16	$1.1T	0.63%
Nevada NV	15	$47B	3.47%
Oregon OR	13	$74B	1.07%
Vermont VT	12	$9B	0.64%
Arizona AZ	12	$212B	0.41%
Idaho ID	10	$12B	1.24%
Hawaii HI	6	$66B	0.73%
Alaska AK	5	$10B	1.24%
Rhode Island RI	5	$240B	0.68%
District of Columbia DC	4	$3B	0.41%

Real counts from the current FDIC institution census. Banks = active insured institutions with a head office in the state (BankFind STALP). Assets are booked at the charter's HQ, so states hosting one megabank charter (Ohio, North Carolina, South Dakota, Delaware) carry trillions that are transacted nationwide - a real quirk of where charters sit, not where the money is spent. Fetch steps in HANDOFF.md.

Schedule RC · Assets

The Fifteen Largest

Assets are the size of the bank. The top four charters alone hold more than the next fifty combined - and the gap is the whole story of the industry. Beside each name: how fast it grew over the year, and how much of its loan book is going bad. Growth above 0 and noncurrent loans below the 0.95% national line are the healthy reading.

01
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association Columbus, OH · N

$4.02T

1Y +1.9% NPL 0.87%
02
Bank of America, National Association Charlotte, NC · N

$2.67T

1Y +1.9% NPL 0.78%
03
Citibank, National Association Sioux Falls, SD · N

$1.93T

1Y +0.7% NPL 0.75%
04
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association Sioux Falls, SD · N

$1.85T

1Y -1.6% NPL 1.43%
05
Goldman Sachs Bank USA New York, NY · SM

$752B

1Y +7.7% NPL 1.53%
06
U.S. Bank National Association Cincinnati, OH · N

$683B

1Y +1.9% NPL 1.29%
07
Capital One, National Association Mclean, VA · N

$672B

1Y +2.4% NPL 1.95%
08
PNC Bank, National Association Wilmington, DE · N

$568B

1Y -0.2% NPL 1.04%
09
Truist Bank Charlotte, NC · NM

$541B

1Y -0.8% NPL 0.66%
10
The Bank of New York Mellon New York, NY · SM

$467B

1Y +1.0% NPL 0.45%
11
Morgan Stanley Bank, National Association Salt Lake City, UT · N

$391B

1Y +10.4% NPL 0.62%
12
State Street Bank and Trust Company Boston, MA · SM

$387B

1Y +19.0% NPL 0.44%
13
TD Bank, National Association Wilmington, DE · N

$346B

1Y +1.5% NPL 0.94%
14
Fifth Third Bank, National Association Cincinnati, OH · N

$296B

1Y -0.7% NPL 0.85%
15
The Huntington National Bank Columbus, OH · N

$284B

1Y +7.8% NPL 0.78%

Bar length is total assets on a shared scale (top bank = full width). The NPL chip turns oxblood when noncurrent loans exceed the 0.95% national average; the 1Y chip is muted when assets shrank. Ratios are the latest (2024 Q4) call report; assets and the roster are the current FDIC institution census.

Schedule RC · Concentration

A Few Giants, a Long Tail

Sort the same 4,262 banks by size and the shape of the industry appears. The top bar is every charter, split by asset tier; the bottom bar is every dollar of assets, split the same way. They are near mirror images. More than three thousand community banks are the overwhelming majority of the count and less than a tenth of the money; a dozen mega-institutions are the reverse, holding 62% of all assets. Where the two bars invert is the concentration of American finance.

Community < $1B
Regional $10B - $50B
Midsize $1B - $10B
Super-regional $50B - $250B
Mega > $250B

Both bars run the full 0-100% width and use one green ramp, light (community) to dark (mega). The community tier is 75% of the top bar and 4.1% of the bottom; the mega tier does the opposite. Tier cutoffs follow common regulatory size bands. Counts and shares bin the current FDIC institution census by asset size.

Every tier, in a table

Tier	Range	Banks	Share of banks	Share of assets
Mega	> $250B	16	0.4%	61.5%
Super-regional	$50B - $250B	33	0.8%	15.6%
Midsize	$1B - $10B	888	20.8%	9.6%
Regional	$10B - $50B	108	2.5%	9.3%
Community	< $1B	3,217	75.5%	4.1%

Real figures from the FDIC institution census. Share of banks is the count of charters in the tier; share of assets is their combined size. Figures bin the census by the ASSET column; see HANDOFF.md.

Schedule RI · Earnings

Quarter by Quarter

Net income is what the industry actually earned each quarter. It runs a steady $60-to-$80 billion - except 2023 Q4, when a one-time deposit-insurance special assessment (levied to cover the 7 failures of the shakeout) cut profits by nearly half and dragged industry return on assets to a floor. The ROA line below reads the same story as a rate.

Columns marked with a dot are quarters that saw at least one insured-bank failure. The 2023 Q4 trough is the special-assessment quarter, not an operating collapse.

Quarterly figures, in a table

Quarter	Assets ($T)	Net income ($B)	ROA	Banks	Failures
2022 Q1	24.2	60.0	0.99%	4,861	0
2022 Q2	23.9	64.7	1.08%	4,838	0
2022 Q3	23.8	71.9	1.21%	4,813	0
2022 Q4	23.8	67.4	1.13%	4,773	0
2023 Q1	23.9	80.2	1.35%	4,740	2
2023 Q2	23.7	70.9	1.19%	4,714	1
2023 Q3	23.6	68.6	1.16%	4,686	1
2023 Q4	23.9	36.1	0.61%	4,658	1
2024 Q1	24.2	65.1	1.08%	4,640	0
2024 Q2	24.1	72.1	1.19%	4,610	1
2024 Q3	24.4	65.8	1.08%	4,589	0
2024 Q4	24.4	67.3	1.10%	4,560	1

Real industry aggregates rolled up from the FDIC call-report panel. Note the bank count falls every quarter - from consolidation, not failure. Figures roll up from the per-bank financials.csv panel over REPDTE (net income is quarterly, diffed from the year-to-date figure); see HANDOFF.md.

Schedule RC-B · Securities

The Rate Trap

Here is the pressure the earnings line never shows. As the Federal Reserve raised rates through 2022, the bonds banks already held lost market value, and the industry's unrealized loss on its securities book ballooned past $690B. On paper it costs nothing - until depositors leave and a bank must sell those bonds at a loss to pay them. That is exactly the trap Silicon Valley Bank walked into in 2023 Q1, with roughly $517B of such losses still sitting across the industry.

The shaded band is the industry-wide paper loss on securities held at amortized cost and available for sale. It peaks with the 2022 Q3 rate-hike cycle, eases when the bond market rallies at year-ends, and by 2024 Q4 still stands near $481B - a standing overhang, not a one-time hit. A healthy bank never realizes it; a bank facing a run has no choice. Figures roll up from the real FDIC securities schedule, bank by bank.

Unrealized losses by quarter, in a table

Quarter	Unrealized loss ($B)	Failures
2022 Q1	294	0
2022 Q2	471	0
2022 Q3	690	0
2022 Q4	619	0
2023 Q1	517	2
2023 Q2	559	1
2023 Q3	685	1
2023 Q4	478	1
2024 Q1	517	0
2024 Q2	514	1
2024 Q3	365	0
2024 Q4	481	1

Rebuilt from the real FDIC securities schedule: each bank's available-for-sale mark (fair value less amortized cost) plus its held-to-maturity mark, summed across every filer over REPDTE. The series reproduces the FDIC Quarterly Banking Profile's unrealized-loss line to within about a billion dollars; see HANDOFF.md.

Historical events · Failures

The Shakeout

In the spring of 2023 three regional banks failed in eight weeks - Silicon Valley Bank, Signature, and First Republic - carrying more than $532B in assets between them, the largest failures since 2008. Then the panic passed and the pattern reverted to what it usually is: a handful of small community banks a year, orders of magnitude smaller. The timeline plots every failure since 2023 by date and by assets at failure, on a log scale - the only way three giants and a $50M community bank share one frame.

Each dot is one failed bank; the larger dots are the ones that carried $1B or more. The vertical scale is logarithmic, so each gridline is ten times the one below - the visual distance between First Republic and a $50M community bank is four full factors of ten. Names, dates, and assets are the real FDIC failures list; deposit-insurance costs are FDIC estimates. Together the shakeout cost the insurance fund roughly $35B.

Every failure, in a table

Bank	Failed	Assets	DIF cost
Silicon Valley Bank Santa Clara, CA	Mar 10, 2023	$209B	$18.9B
Signature Bank New York, NY	Mar 12, 2023	$110B	none
First Republic Bank San Francisco, CA	May 1, 2023	$213B	$15.6B
Heartland Tri-state Bank Elkhart, KS	Jul 28, 2023	$139M	$43M
Citizens Bank Sac City, IA	Nov 3, 2023	$60M	$14M
Republic Bank Philadelphia, PA	Apr 26, 2024	$5.9B	$713M
First Nb Of Lindsay Lindsay, OK	Oct 18, 2024	$108M	$45M
Pulaski Savings Bank Chicago, IL	Jan 17, 2025	$49M	$31M
Santa Anna National Bank Santa Anna, TX	Jun 27, 2025	$77M	$23M
Metropolitan Capital B&t Chicago, IL	Jan 30, 2026	$261M	$20M
Community Bank And Trust - West Georgia Lagrange, GA	May 1, 2026	$306M	none

Real figures from the FDIC failures list. DIF cost is the FDIC's estimated hit to the Deposit Insurance Fund - the industry-funded pool that makes insured depositors whole; the 2023 special assessment in the earnings section is how the industry repaid it. The section filters FAILYR >= 2023; swap-point in HANDOFF.md.

Schedule RC-N · Growth & asset quality

Growing, and Growing Risky

Size is not the same as safety. Plot each of the fifteen largest banks by how fast it grew over the year against how much of its loan book has gone bad, and the field splits four ways. The banks to watch sit in the upper right - expanding and carrying above-average noncurrent loans. Consumer-credit lenders like Capital One sit high on the loan line by design: higher charge-offs are the price of higher-yield card and auto books. 5 of the fifteen sit above the national noncurrent-loan line.

At or below the national loan line
Above it (more bad debt)
Bubble area = total assets

Each bubble is one bank; its area is total assets, so the megabanks read as large discs and the smallest of the fifteen as coins. The vertical rule is zero growth; the horizontal rule is the 0.95% national noncurrent-loan average, above which a bubble is drawn oxblood. Growth is the change in total assets over the year to 2024 Q4; loan-quality is the noncurrent-loan ratio from the same call report.

The fifteen, in a table

Bank	Assets	1Y growth	Noncurrent loans	vs national
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association	$4.02T	+1.9%	0.87%	at/below
Bank of America, National Association	$2.67T	+1.9%	0.78%	at/below
Citibank, National Association	$1.93T	+0.7%	0.75%	at/below
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	$1.85T	-1.6%	1.43%	above
Goldman Sachs Bank USA	$752B	+7.7%	1.53%	above
U.S. Bank National Association	$683B	+1.9%	1.29%	above
Capital One, National Association	$672B	+2.4%	1.95%	above
PNC Bank, National Association	$568B	-0.2%	1.04%	above
Truist Bank	$541B	-0.8%	0.66%	at/below
The Bank of New York Mellon	$467B	+1.0%	0.45%	at/below
Morgan Stanley Bank, National Association	$391B	+10.4%	0.62%	at/below
State Street Bank and Trust Company	$387B	+19.0%	0.44%	at/below
TD Bank, National Association	$346B	+1.5%	0.94%	at/below
Fifth Third Bank, National Association	$296B	-0.7%	0.85%	at/below
The Huntington National Bank	$284B	+7.8%	0.78%	at/below

Real figures from the FDIC 2024 Q4 call reports. Noncurrent loans are loans 90+ days past due or nonaccrual as a share of the loan book (the NCLNLSR field); the national average is the asset-weighted industry mean. See HANDOFF.md.

Schedule RC-R · Capital

How Much Cushion

After the drama, the reassurance. A bank's Tier 1 leverage ratio is its capital measured against its assets - how much of the balance sheet can evaporate before the bank is insolvent. Regulators call a bank well-capitalized at 5%. The distribution of all 4,560 insured banks does not cluster near that floor; it clusters more than twice above it, around 10-11%. The failures were about liquidity - cash to meet a run - far more than solvency.

Each column is the number of banks whose Tier 1 leverage ratio falls in that band; the deepest column is the modal band, 9-10%, holding 990 banks. The 5% well-capitalized floor sits far to the left of the bulk; only the small leftmost < 5% column - 20 banks - falls below it. Capital is a solvency backstop, not a liquidity one, which is why a well-capitalized bank can still fail in a weekend. Counts are the real FDIC 2024 Q4 capital schedule.

Capital distribution, in a table

Tier 1 leverage band	Banks	Share
< 5%	20	0.4%
5-8%	162	3.6%
8-9%	588	12.9%
9-10%	990	21.7%
10-11%	778	17.1%
11-12%	552	12.1%
12-13%	398	8.7%
13-15%	460	10.1%
> 15%	612	13.4%
All insured banks	4,560	100.0%

Real counts from the FDIC 2024 Q4 call reports. Tier 1 leverage is core capital over average total assets (RBC1AAJ); the well-capitalized threshold is 5%. Figures bin the 2024 Q4 financials panel; see HANDOFF.md.

Compare two banks

Line up any two of the sixteen largest banks side by side - assets, return on assets and equity, capital, and risk, each flagged against the national average. Fully static, no JavaScript.

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Bank Health,
Quarter by Quarter